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Despite the apparent association between depressive experience and life satisfaction, little is known whether the two constructs are linked under a causal process. Previous investigations have suggested correlations based on the between-person differences, but such mere presence of cross-sectional association is insufficient to claim whether depressive experiences share concurring bases with cognitive evaluation of life satisfaction. This study thus focused on identifying the contemporaneous correlation between experiences of depression and life satisfaction and tested whether complex subcomponents of well-being intercorrelate in a time-synchronized way. This study utilized a dataset including adults from midlife to older age in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). The survey assessed depressive symptoms and domains of satisfaction throughout eight waves of repeated follow-ups every 2 years. The analysis examined the associations with between-person (cross-sectional) and within-person (longitudinal) effects. We found that the extent of longitudinal correlation between the two constructs was generally lower in the within-person than between-person associations, indicated as temporal asynchrony. The satisfactions in domains of health and economic status showed a relatively higher within-person correlation while satisfaction in spousal and children relationships showed minimalized within-person correlations. The result suggests that the link between depressive experience and life satisfaction is less concurrent, ruling out the explanatory model that views subjective well-being as a direct causal construction of affective experience within a specific time point. Our finding implies that the observed association between depressive symptoms and life satisfaction is largely based on accumulated through lifetime indirect pathways rather than direct reference of appraised information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mobile payment adoption has risen steeply, relatively little is known about whether and how demographic and socioeconomic factors, subjective well‐being, political affiliation, and health status are associated with mobile payment adoption. Using 2017 Chinese General Social Survey data on 11,628 individuals, we show that Chinese people's decisions to adopt mobile payment solutions are positively and significantly associated with education, perception of health and economic status, Chinese Communist Party membership, full‐time work, income, social participation, car ownership, internet penetration rate, and residential location. Age is negatively associated with mobile payment adoption, and men are less likely than women to use mobile payment solutions; subject well‐being is not associated with mobile payment adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The parasites of the genus Polydora spp. cause great damage to oyster broodstocks, both Cupped (Crassostrea gigas) and Flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), as they excavate channels in the shell of the mollusk, forming mud blisters. The infestation negatively affects the oysters' welfare, as it influences respiratory activity, induces oxidative stress in the animal, and impacts the productivity of the farm, as heavily parasitized mollusks cannot be commercialized. With the aim of obtaining a non-invasive assessment of the presence of this parasite, the use of two diagnostic methods, magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray computed tomography, was investigated. These methods have been shown to be effective in diagnosing the infestation, and although the current costs of their application are prohibitive for production reality, the possibility of analyzing or evaluating remediation techniques on large stocks of animals offers interesting perspectives. The Polichete worms of the genus Polydora are considered very destructive for oysters, excavating channels in their shell and inducing oysters to create mud blisters in response to the irritation, interfering with their physiology and ethology. The parasite also causes important economic damage for oyster farmers, as products with a high degree of infestation cannot be commercialized. The present study aims to evaluate whether two non-invasive advanced diagnostic techniques, computed tomography scans (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are suitable to show the alterations induced by this parasite on live Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis oyster broodstocks. A CT scan is also able to identify small lesions in the shell during the first stage of infection. MRI allows for the visualization of the advanced status of the lesions when blisters occupy the inner surface of the shell and can impact the health status and the economic value of the mollusk. Both techniques resulted in satisfactory spatial resolution, and no motion artifacts were reported, thus enabling the authors to faithfully visualize in vivo the damage caused by the parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, barriers in obstetric care services (OCS) remain a significant risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in India. This review covers the 'continuum of care' (ANC, child delivery, and PNC services) and identifies multiple barriers in provisioning as well as utilization of OCS in India. We conducted a systematic review to understand the barriers using a mixed-methods approach. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2022. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using appropriate tools. After a full-text review of 164 studies, total of 56 studies (33 quantitative, 18 qualitative, and 5 mixed-methods studies) were finally included in the review. All the barriers were classified into five major themes: (i) individual and interpersonal barriers, (ii) social and cultural barriers, (iii) structural barriers, (iv) logistical barriers, and (v) organizational barriers. A thematic synthesis approach was used to present the findings of the included studies. Results: Lack of knowledge and awareness and less family support in availing the required OCS were key individual and interpersonal barriers. Negative social and cultural practices, such as belief in traditional herbs/healers, dietary restrictions, and discarding colostrum were frequently reported barriers, especially in rural settings. Poor economic status and high health service costs were the most often cited barriers to low institutional delivery and delayed ANC services. Long distances to health facilities and poor road conditions were the most frequently reported logistical barriers. On the provisioning side, poor quality of treatment, shortage of drugs and equipment, and non-cooperative attitude of health professionals were the most significant barriers. Conclusion: This review identified several important barriers ranging from individual and cultural to structural, logistical, and organizational, which are prevalent in India. To mitigate the barriers, the governments need to develop strategies at the individual and organizational levels. Innovative interventions and program implementation at the community and village levels could also be contributory steps towards improving OCS utilization in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is considered the third most important scourge in the world. In North America, Inuit populations are the population the most severely affected by dental caries. It is often assumed that this situation can be explained by a combination of factors classical for Indigenous populations: remoteness (geographical distance), low economic status and low health literacy (cultural distance). Using a bibliographic approach, we tested this hypothesis of the "distance effect" by exploring the caries prevalence in other Indigenous populations living in high-income countries. Next, we tested whether the high prevalence of caries is due to population-specific characteristics by tracking caries prevalence over the past few centuries. In result, we showed that while other Indigenous populations are more impacted by caries than the general populations, the Inuit populations present the highest prevalence. Paradoxically, we showed also that past Inuit populations were almost immune to caries before 1950. These two elements suggest that the prevalence of caries observed presently is a recent maladaptation and that beyond the effect of cultural and geographical distance, specific biocultural factors have to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects 24.5 million people worldwide and has been associated with increased cancer risks. However, the extent to which the observed risks are related to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis or its treatments is unknown. Leveraging nationwide health insurance claims data with 85.97 million enrollees across 8 years, we identified 92 864 patients without cancers at the time of rheumatoid arthritis diagnoses. We matched 68 415 of these patients with participants without rheumatoid arthritis by sex, race, age and inferred health and economic status and compared their risks of developing all cancer types. By 12 months after the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis patients were 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.14, 1.29]) times more likely to develop any cancer compared with matched enrollees without rheumatoid arthritis. In particular, the risk of developing lymphoma is 2.08 (95% CI [1.67, 2.58]) times higher in the rheumatoid arthritis group, and the risk of developing lung cancer is 1.69 (95% CI [1.32, 2.13]) times higher. We further identified the five most commonly used drugs in treating rheumatoid arthritis, and the log‐rank test showed none of them is implicated with a significantly increased cancer risk compared with rheumatoid arthritis patients without that specific drug. Our study suggested that the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, rather than its treatments, is implicated in the development of subsequent cancers. Our method is extensible to investigating the connections among drugs, diseases and comorbidities at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migraine negatively affects sufferers' physical and mental health and social and economic status. Objectives: This study compared the effectiveness of behavior management therapy and pharmacotherapy in reducing migraine-related disabilities with and without focusing on comorbid depressive symptoms. Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study has a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study was conducted on migrainous patients with comorbid depressive symptoms referred to neurology clinics in Rasht City, Iran, in 2021. A total of 18 female patients were selected using purposive sampling based on neurological diagnosis and the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) criteria for depressive disorder. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups after matching regarding age and severity of depression. Combined therapy (behavior management intervention [BM] and pharmacotherapy [P]) was performed in two groups during eight sessions, with (case group) and without (control group) focusing on comorbid depressive symptoms. The data were collected using the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II), the headache disability inventory (HDI), and the headache diary (HD) and analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The first therapeutic approach was significantly superior to the second in reducing migraine-related disabilities (F(2, 13)=10.43, P<0.05, Wilks Lambda=0.384, partial η²=0.616). Conclusion: Combined therapy (BM & P) focusing on comorbid depressive symptoms can be an alternative or complementary therapeutic method to reduce various disabilities in migraine patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: COVID-19 burden the health system by influencing several aspects of social determinants of health (SDH). We review SDH inequity in Iran with notice on COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions. Method: The Databases such as MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. The SDH components were extracted regarding the effect of COVID-19 and sanctions. Global burden of disease was used to evaluate the impact of sanctions on mortality in Iran. Result: The literacy rate improved over the last decades but, there is still inequality between provinces. Age and regional inequity exists, regarding NCD mortality. Food insecurity varies in different regions between 20% and 60%.Providing care for a growing aging population, with a large burden of NCDs and disabilities will be the major issue in the next decade. The decrease slop of mortality rate due to NCDs, have become smoother since impose of sanctions, while, cancer mortality have changed upwards. COVID-19, and sanctions negatively impacts lower socioeconomically vulnerable groups due to preexisting conditions which wider the existing inequity in SDH are adding a heavy burden of inequity in Iran. Conclusion: Iran, similar to large numbers of countries, face inequity at regional level in different SDH related issues. The COVID-19 pandemic showed that economic status and health are aligned. Sanctions superimposed on the COVID-19 pandemic cause harm to millions of innocent people. One of the main goals of health authorities is to reduce SDH inequity in order to achieve the goal of "health for all". To tackle these inequities, prompt action is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, it is generally believed that a good health status and education (human capital) bring economic well-being and benefits. Some researchers have found that there are overall financial returns and income premiums correlated with human capital because of its excellent and higher ability. Due to different views and a lack of consensus, the role of human capital is still ambiguous and poorly understood. This study investigates the economic returns of health status, education level, and social interaction, that is, whether and how human capital and social interaction affect employment and income premiums. Using the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) for specification bias, we used the instrumental variable (IV) approach to specify the endogeneity and interaction effect in order to identify the impact and economic returns of human capital and social interaction on the values of other control and observed variables. However, we show that an individual with strong and higher human capital positively affects economic returns, but the variability of these estimates differs across estimators. Being more socially interactive is regarded as a type of social interaction but as not human capital in the labor market; thus, the empirical findings of this study reflect social stability and that the economic well-being of socially active individuals is an advantaged situation. Furthermore, men with substantial human capital and social interaction are in a more advantaged position compared to women with similar abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) greatly burdens health and economic status worldwide. One of the major sequels of DM is its effect on coronary artery disease (CAD) prevalence. DM-associated dyslipidemia is considered one of the hazardous comorbidities as it directly accelerates atherosclerosis, hypertension, and CAD. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to assess the lipid profile status among T2DM patients from Iraq. Subjects and Methods: The current study randomly selected 100 diabetic patients of equal sex distribution. All included patients were subjected to anthropometric measurements, blood glucose, and lipid profile assessments. Results: Among the studied patients, 76 patients were found to have dyslipidemia, while 23 did not show any disturbance in their lipid profiles. Diabetic patient with dyslipidemia had significantly higher BMI compared to the non-dyslipidemia group. There were statistically significant higher levels of PPBS, TG, TC, and LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia compared to the other group. Moreover, there were statistically significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia compared to the non-dyslipidemia group. Conclusion: DM is directly related to increased serum triacylglycerols, total serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the extent to which perceived health and economic status, ethnicity (Arabs vs. Jews), and psychosocial resources were associated with emotional reactions and risk taking among students following stressful academic events. The sample consisted of 294 Jewish (50.7% women) and 234 Arab (54.7% women) students enrolled at an Israeli university. Participants completed questionnaires assessing dispositional optimism, sense of mastery, and social support (combined to create a total psychosocial resources score), positive and negative affect (used to create positivity ratio by dividing positive affect by negative affect), risk-taking behaviors, health and economic status, social desirability, and demographic variables. The main results showed that perceived health was positively correlated with psychosocial resources; Arab students scored lower than Jewish students on psychosocial resources; and psychosocial resources positively correlated with positivity ratio and negatively with risk-taking behaviors. A mediation model was tested with psychosocial resources mediating the effects of perceived health and economic status, and ethnicity on positivity ratio and risk-taking behaviors. The model was confirmed as having very good fit indices: Chi-square (6)=6.92, p=.328; NFI=.967; IFI=.995; TLI=.983; CFI=.995; and RMSEA=.017. The results highlight the role of perceived health, ethnicity, and psychosocial resources in relation to the emotional and behavioral reactions of students to academic stressors, and suggest appropriate interventions, especially for enhancing psychosocial resources among minority (Arab) students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of the proportion and particle size of NDF in full grain diet on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical indexes and feeding behavior of Guanling cattle. Thirty two (18 ± 2)-month-old Guizhou Guanling cattle were selected and randomly divided into four groups, with eight cattle in each group (half male and half female), and eight cattle in each replicate. Cattle in each group were fed with different full price pellet feed: Fine low NDF full price pellet feed (pellet diameter 5.0 mm, NDF 40%, LL group), coarse low NDF full price pellet feed (pellet diameter 10.0 mm, NDF 40%, HL group), fine high NDF full price pellet feed (pellet diameter 5.0 mm, NDF 45%, LH group) and coarse high NDF full price pellet feed (pellet diameter 10.0 mm, NDF 45%, HH group). The pre-test was 14 d, and the formal test period was 90 d. The results showed that ADG and ADFI in HH group were significantly higher than those in LL group and LH group (P<0.05), and F/G in HH group was significantly lower than those in LL group and LH group (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of OM in HH group and HL group was significantly higher than that in LL group and LH group from the 35~41 d of the trial (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of OM in HH group and HL group was significantly higher than that in LL group (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of NDF was significantly higher than that in LL group and LH group at the 83~89 d of the trial (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of feed N in HH group was significantly higher than that in LH group and LL group (P<0.05). The duration of food intake in HL group was significantly longer than that in LL group and LH group (P<0.05). The time and times of rumination in HH group were significantly higher than those in LL group and LH group (P<0.05). The belching times of LL group were significantly higher than those of HL group and HH group (P<0.05). The diarrhea rate and fecal score of cattle in HH group and HL group were significantly higher than those in LL group and LH group (P<0.05). The study indicates that the NDF level in the full price pellet feed is 45% and the feed particle size is 10 mm, the economic benefits and health status of beef cattle can be better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have investigated the association between health status and economic growth, between health status and international trade. Advancing on earlier work, this paper incorporates unemployment rate, population growth rate, income inequality, institutional indicators and indicators related to infrastructure along with growth and trade indicators, and uses dynamic panel technique in order to find the behavior of population health status in developing nations. The present study aims to provide new evidence regarding health status determinants and how they are related to the population health status in developing countries. This study is provided new evidence on this relationship for 51 developing countries during the period 1980-2018. Apart from this, we have tested the sensitivity of the estimates in our empirical analysis using three clusters of countries, namely, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Overall, our results suggest that improvement of health status can be achieved from either an increase in per capita income or from the perspective of international trade or in the presence of strong institution and better health infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has considerable impact on health care system in the world directly. Although the pandemic has been effectively controlled, people's lifestyle, stress of job, economic status and health conditions have all changed. Therefore, it is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the distribution of diseases in dermatology outpatient department, especially in the post-pandemic era and how we should respond to these changes. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diagnosis of dermatology outpatient department in eastern China. Methods: A pre-post study design was a retrospective study to assess the changes of diseases diagnoses from the outpatient department of Dermatology, Taicang first people's hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China in the 2021 (Post-COVID-19 pandemic) compared to the 2019 (Pre-COVID-19 pandemic). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 23.0 and Excel 2010. The data were analysed by methods independent t-test and Pearson's chi-square test. A two-sided p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 67,994 patients in 2019 and 67,288 patients in 2021 were included in the study. During the pre-pandemic year, the most common diagnoses in the outpatient department were urticaria, fungal dermatitis, acne, herpes zoster, seborrheic dermatitis. Urticaria, acne, allergic dermatitis, fungal dermatitis, herpes zoster, were statistically more common in the post-pandemic period. Acne, animal-related diseases, allergic dermatitis, insect dermatitis, alopecia, and verruca vulgaris diagnoses were found to increase statistically during the post-pandemic period when compared with the pre-pandemic period. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a minimal effect on the average yearly dermatology outpatients department visits, but the distribution of dermatology diagnoses was affected. As a result, governments and health departments may introduce innovative ways and training of medical teams according to the impact of the pandemic to ensure normal medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several corona virus vaccines from different countries are currently available for usage. Aims: The aim of this survey is to report the vaccination approval of COVID-19 through the topography of Jordan and to recognize the most likely rationale of acceptance or refusal of COVID-19 vaccination. Materials and methods: In January 2021, a survey was distributed to several governorates in Jordan to reveal the acceptance of the Jordanian community to COVID-19 vaccination, and to find out the reasons behind their refusal to take the vaccine. Results: Of these, 29.6% study participants showed willingness to take the vaccine, while about 40.4% of the study participants showed unwillingness to get vaccinated. Most of the respondents were afraid from the side effects waiting for more scientific news or any instruction from government sources about the effectiveness and safety of the vaccines provided to the population. However, the behavior toward vaccination was encouraging, but anxiety and fear was a common factor with all the participants regardless of their culture, level of education or even their age. Conclusion: The acceptance of vaccination for COVID-19 turned out to be weak. Most of the respondents were afraid of the side effects, waiting for more scientific research from any governmental institution to instruct the population about effectiveness and safety of the vaccines. However, the behavior toward vaccination was encouraging, but anxiety and fear was a common factor with all participants regardless of their culture, level of education or even their age. The different elements powering people to accept or refuse the vaccine should be reported and emphasized to relevant institutions, to study and assist the common health and economic status of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The economic shock posed by the current COVID-19 outbreak brought out a worldwide public health emergency with a close relationship between the industrial marketing practices, the health level of society and its economic development. The purpose of this study is to analyse the industrial dynamics in health care and their impact on economic growth and health status. Design/methodology/approach: To empirically investigate the relationship between growth and health, the authors use a data set drawn from 29 selected Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 2000 and 2019. Using panel regressions, the authors investigate the impact of the health-care industry measured in terms of health status, health expenditure, sales on pharmaceutical products, the number of persons working in health care and the coverage by private health insurances. Fixed effect and random effect regressions are used to estimate this model. Findings: Overall, the results are suggestive of a nexus between the industrial marketing dynamics of health-care context and economic growth – both interacting and improving each other. As the quality of the health-care market enhances, the economy grows richer and the health status of the population improves considerably. Practical implications: To support health-care markets in OECD countries, health policymakers need to formulate a long-term industrial health policy that addresses all the social and individual determinants of health. Originality/value: To the best of the knowledge, this is the first study to provide a better understanding of the relationship between health-care industrial dynamics and economic growth in OECD countries along different dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily behaviors of dairy cows (such as standing, drinking, walking, and lying down) are closely related to their physical health. Efficient and accurate identification of dairy cow behavior is of great significance to timely grasp the health status for the better economic benefits of the farm. However, the cow behavior data varies significantly in the group breeding environment, due to the complex scene, conditions, and diverse cow behavior. In addition, the behavior recognition can also be confined to the target scale of cows covering a wide area under different perspectives. In this study, a multi-scale behavior recognition was proposed for the dairy cow using an improved YOLOV5s network. First, a channel-based Transformer attention mechanism was introduced at the top layer of the backbone network. The learnable location parameters were then added to all channels of the top-level feature map with the high-level semantics. As such, the relationship between feature channels and regional information was established, where the size of the location parameter was represented by the region. Secondly, a correlation analysis was performed on the channel sequences at different levels, combined with the multi-head self-attention mechanism of the Transformer. The degree of importance was then obtained to strengthen the expression of feature information between channels. Thus, the long-range dependency between regions and feature channels was built for the model to focus on the cow target area during training. Thirdly, the PAN Neck structure was used to transfer the feature information of different levels through up-sampling and down-sampling. The PAN Neck branch was then added to the feature map by twice down-sampling for the multi-scale behavioral target of dairy cows. The target detector was also selected for the underlying features, where the high-level semantic information of the top layer was integrated into the underlying features under the action of PAN Neck. Correspondingly, a feature map was constructed with detailed features and high-level semantic information, while the SE attention machine was introduced for the global pooling. Finally, the global information of the feature map channel was extracted to determine the importance of the single-layer MLP. The weight of important features also increased to suppress the propagation of noise information at the channel level. Four-scale detectors were optimized to construct the optimal SEPH of multi-scale targets for the better performance of multi-scale behavior recognition of dairy cows. Consequently, there was no weight surge for the improved recognition model of cow behavior. Specifically, the mAP of multi-scale target recognition increased by 1.2 percentage points after experimental verification, especially the AP of two similar behavior (cow walking and standing) recognition increased by 0.8 and 4.9 percentage points, respectively, compared with the original. Nevertheless, the cow’s drinking water and eating behaviors cannot be detected directly during this time. A second-level behavior evaluation was then proposed for the cows using greedy thinking. Therefore, the spatial information of the auxiliary judgment label was used to jointly determine the drinking and eating behavior of cows. The numbers of errors were two and five for the cow drinking water and eating, respectively, indicating the better performance of the improved YOLOV5s network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low fertility has persisted in Japan for decades. Sexless marriages may indirectly contribute to low fertility. Inactive sexual lives within intimate and committed relationships may be linked to sexual activity outside such relationships, called "casual sex". This study aimed to explore the correlates of casual sex and sexlessness. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among married and single men (n = 4000) aged 20–54 years in Japan. Sexlessness were reported by 56% of men, whereas 11% had had casual sex and 31% had had non-casual sex (with spouse, fiancé, or girlfriends/boyfriends) in the last month. Among married men, higher income and long working hours were positively associated with casual sex. Regarding never-married men: those with lower educational status and without full-time jobs were more likely to report casual sex, those in rural areas were more likely to be sexless than those in urban and suburban areas, and those with depression were more likely to be sexless than those without depression. Matching app use was strongly associated with casual sex among married and never-married men, suggesting that such tools may facilitate sexual activity outside committed and intimate relationships. Sexual behavior is closely linked to one's social and economic environment and health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people form a very heterogeneous group with very diverse living conditions, health status, educational levels, social relations and sexual orientation. This diversity must be reflected and valued in political interventions in all matters that affect them: social and political participation, economy, mobility, housing, health and social care services and environmental conditions, among other things. Only then we can build societies, together with younger generations, in which ageing and longevity will be fully perceived as an opportunity for individual citizens and society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake news, deceptive information, and conspiracy theories are part of our everyday life. It is really hard to distinguish between false and valid information. As contemporary people receive the majority of information from electronic publications, in many cases fake information can seriously harm people's health or economic status. This article will analyze the question of how up-to-date information technology can help detect false information. Our proposition is that today we do not have a perfect solution to identify fake news. There are quite a few methods employed for the discrimination of fake and valid information, but none of them is perfect. In our opinion, the reason is not in the weaknesses of the algorithms, but in the underlying human and social aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: economic conditions; external quality assessment (EQA); laboratory performance; legal background EN economic conditions external quality assessment (EQA) laboratory performance legal background 361 369 9 02/07/22 20220201 NES 220201 Introduction The performance of medical laboratories is closely linked with patient safety [[1]]. Financial consequences of incorrect results When the data from all eligible countries are considered, there were more ABO (2.34% vs. 0.36%, p<0.0001) and RhD phenotyping (0.63% vs. 0.42%, p=0.0219) mistakes observed in the countries with financial consequences of incorrect results in EQA. Data from different EQA providers were combined according to country, parameter and year of reported EQA result. In addition to national legal and economic influencing factors, the effect of support from EQA providers for laboratories that reported incorrect results (6) and the effect of EQA sample frequency (7) were examined. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Sleep quality plays a principal role in the protection of health. There is an increasing number of studies in the literature demonstrating that internet addiction and smartphone addiction impair sleep quality. However, the number of studies on Turkish adolescents is very limited. Therefore, this study examined the effects of internet addiction and smartphone addiction on sleep quality among Turkish adolescents. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were 910 adolescents aged 13-18 years. Data were collected with the Short Internet Addiction Test, Smartphone Addiction Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. In addition, a questionnaire was used to gather information about the demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related characteristics. Pearson's Chi-square test, Chi-square test for trend, Mann-Whitney U test, logistic regression analysis, and Spearman's correlation analysis were used in the analysis. Results: The sleep quality of 58.7% of the adolescents was poor. Additionally, girls and adolescents =16 years old had poor sleep quality. Sleep quality deteriorated as perceived health status and perceived economic status of family deteriorated. Compared to participants with normal internet addiction scores, poor sleep quality was 1.83 (95% CI [1.22-2.74]) times higher in those with problematic internet addiction and 1.99 (95% CI [1.23-3.87]) times higher in those with pathological internet addiction. One point increase in Smartphone Addiction Scale total score increased poor sleep quality 1.01 (95% CI [1.00-1.02]) times. Sleep quality scale were positively correlated with the smartphone addiction and internet addiction. However, there was no positive correlation between habitual sleep efficiency subcomponent of sleep quality and smartphone addiction and internet addiction. Conclusions: Internet addiction and smartphone addiction were associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents. Older adolescents (=16 years), gender (female), poor health perception, and perception of moderate economic status of the family were other factors associated with poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at income's effect on the health and well-being of Russians. In particular, it studies the effect of income on health self-assessments by describing the interactions between these factors, analyzing them, and modeling them econometrically. Based on panel data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) of public health and economic status, a pooled generalized ordered logit regression was constructed for the categorical variable "deteriorating self-assessment of health." It calculates the marginal effects of the model's independent variables (different income groups, the Gini coefficient, and others) for three different self-assessments of health (good, average, and poor). Econometric modeling showed that Russia satisfies the absolute income and income inequality hypotheses and that there is a statistically significant correlation between income, its inequality (Gini coefficient of income differentiation), and self-assessment of health. It was discovered in a number of specifications that the effect of income on health self-assessment is greater in men than in women. This is apparently linked to the greater involvement of men in the labor market. The results suggest that a government policy to increase incomes and reduce regional differentiation could improve the public's subjective perceptions of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:The long-term care insurance system for the elderly is being implemented as a social support for the elderly in need of care. As of 2022, as the use of adult day care centre among home benefits is on the rise, it is necessary to devise measures to reduce the caregiving burden and family conflicts targeting the caregivers of the elderly who use adult day care centre. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the dual mediating effect of caregiving mastery and self-esteem on the relationship between caregiving burden and family conflict. Methods:In this study, 304 caregivers of the elderly who received a long-term care grad and were using anadult day care centre were targeted. The data were analysed using SPSS PC+ Win. 24.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro 4.1. Applied statistical techniques were descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and double mediating effect analysis. Results:First, the age and length of support for caregivers increased the caregiving burden, but the health and economic status of caregivers lowered the caregiving burden and family conflict, and improved caregiving mastery and self-esteem. Second, the caregiving burden of the family caregiver was 2.51 points (out of 5 points) and family conflict was low at 1.85 points (out of 5 points). The parameter, caregiving mastery, was at 3.40 points (out of 5 points) and self-esteem was at 3.40 points (out of 4 points), which is a fairly high level. Third, the higher the caregiving burden, the higher the family conflict was, but the effect of the caregiving burden on family conflict through caregiving mastery and self-esteem was lowered. Conclusions: In order to reduce the impact of the burden of care on family conflict, it is necessary to improve the ability to solve problems in a positive way, such as mastery of caring and selfesteem. This suggests that adult day care centre need to provide caring education for family caregivers to increase their caring skills and provide counselling to improve their self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethiopia aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2020, through a dual approach of mass drug administration to interrupt transmission and morbidity control which includes making hydrocele surgery available in all endemic areas. Locating patients requiring surgery, providing high quality surgeries, and following up patients are all formidable challenges for many resource-challenged or difficult-to-reach communities. To date, hydrocele surgery in Ethiopia has only occurred when a patient has the knowledge, time and resources to travel to regional hospitals. Ethiopia tested the novel approach of using a surgical camp, defined as mobilizing, transporting, providing surgery at a static site, and following up of a large cohort of hydrocele patients within a hospital's catchment area, to address delays in seeking and receiving care. Methodology and results: Health extension workers mobilized 252 patients with scrotal swelling from a list of 385 suspected hydrocele cases from seven endemic districts in the region of Beneshangul-Gumuz. Clinical health workers and surgeons confirmed 119 as eligible for surgery. Of 70 additional patients who self-referred, 56 were eligible for surgery. Over a two-week period at a regional hospital, 175 hydrocele excision surgeries were conducted. After discharge three days after surgery, trained clinical health workers followed up with the patients on Day 5, Day 8, Day 14 and 1st-month benchmarks with a randomized follow-up of a selection of patients conducted at 9–12 months. There were no post-operative complications upon discharge at Day 3 and 22, while minor complications occurred (12.6%) between Day 3 and one month. The 9–12 month follow-up found patients self-reported an improvement in quality of life, health and economic status. Conclusion: A hydrocele surgery camp was effective at providing a large number of quality surgeries in a short time. Using peripheral health workers to mobilize and follow up patients helped address delays in seeking and receiving quality care. Mainstreaming patient mobilization and follow-up into a community health system could be effective in other countries. The camp's results also influenced two regions in Ethiopia to change their policies in order to offer free hydrocele surgery (including patient transport, consultation, surgery, diagnostic tests and necessary medications). Author summary: Hydrocele is a type of scrotal swelling caused by lymphatic filariasis and requires surgery to treat, which can be challenging to address in many endemic countries. Locating and referring patients, providing high quality surgical intervention, and creating a patient follow-up mechanism are all formidable aspects in communities that are often resource challenged and difficult to reach. We explored if the use of a surgical camp setting would be an appropriate intervention to adequately treat a large number of hydrocele patients over a short period, decreasing delays in seeking, reaching and receiving quality surgery for hydrocele. We analyzed each step required to hold the camp including some novel innovations surrounding patient mobilization, referral, and post-surgical quality assurance. The camp was effective at providing a large number of quality surgeries in a short time, with patients self-reporting improvements in quality of life, economic and health status after surgery. The findings from the study may prove useful for countries seeking to implement similar interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the major impact on public health, the COVID-19 outbreak has caused unprecedented concerns ranging from sudden loss of employment to mental stress and anxiety. We implemented a survey-based data collection platform to characterize how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the socio-economic, physical and mental health conditions of individuals. We focused on three broad areas, namely, changes in social interaction during home confinement, economic impact and their health status. We identified a substantial increase in virtual interaction among individuals, which might be a way to alleviate the sudden unprecedented mental health burden, exacerbated by general awareness about viral infections or other manifestations associated with them. The majority of participants (85%) lived with one or more companions and unemployment issues did not affect 91% of the total survey takers, which was one of the crucial consequences of the pandemic. Nevertheless, measures such as an increased frequency of technology-aided distant social interaction, focus on physical fitness and leisure activities were adopted as coping mechanisms during this period of home isolation. Collectively, these metrics provide a succinct and informative summary of the socio-economic and health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the individuals. Findings from our study reflect that continuous surveillance of the psychological consequences for outbreaks should become routine as part of preparedness efforts worldwide. Given the limitations of analyzing the large number of variables, we have made the raw data publicly available on the OMF ME/CFS Data Center server to facilitate further analyses (https://igenomed.stanford.edu/dataset/survey-study-on-lifestyle-changes-during-covid-19-pandemic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world stunned by a pandemic of such cataclysmic scale is reeling under the joint burden of health impact unleashed by the diseases and the strain on the economy. Glaring shortfalls and inconsistencies in strategies to combat the pandemic have surfaced worldwide irrespective of the country's economic and health care status. The responses have vacillated from mute to drastic. Gaps in health preparedness coupled with administrative tardiness, lack of co-ordination and foresight has heightened the impact of pandemic. Coordinated holistic approach with structured policies in place is the need of the hour. Surveillance and epidemiological models to predict the unpredictable and preempt the backlash will dictate our future successes and failures in this protracted fight against the pandemic. This article attempts to review the present status of health policy on COVID in general and with specific reference to India and their outcome thus far. We also propose a simple and practical framework on which a decisive, well-knit, reliable and acceptable policy can be framed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was carried out to assess physical activity level and identify associated factors among higher secondary school students in Banke district, Nepal. Methods: A school-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 405 students studying in grades 11 and 12 in 7 higher secondary schools selected randomly. A self-administered questionnaire based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure physical activity level. Results: Only 5% of students were found to be inactive, and domestic and transport-related activities were major contributors to total physical activity score. No significant difference existed for total physical activity and domain-specific and activity-specific scores across different age groups when males and females were tested separately. Being male (P = .046), lower economic status (P = .026), living at a distance of less than 30 minutes (P = .007), walking/cycling to school (P < .001), and studying in government school (P < .001) were associated with increased physical activity scores on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Routine activities such as transport and household chores contributed greatly to total physical activity among students. This study highlights the need for physical activity promotion interventions at school addressing the associated factors and a need for greater focus on leisure-time physical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementation of control programmes for Strongyloides stercoralis infection is among the targets of the World Health Organization Roadmap to 2030. Aim of this work was to evaluate the possible impact in terms of economic resources and health status of two different strategies of preventive chemotherapy (PC) compared to the current situation (strategy A, no PC): administration of ivermectin to school-age children (SAC) and adults (strategy B) versus ivermectin to SAC only (strategy C). Methods: The study was conducted at the IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy, at the University of Florence, Italy, and at the WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, from May 2020 to April 2021. Data for the model were extracted from literature. A mathematical model was developed in Microsoft Excel to assess the impact of strategies B and C in a standard population of 1 million subjects living in a strongyloidiasis endemic area. In a case base scenario, 15% prevalence of strongyloidiasis was considered; the 3 strategies were then evaluated at different thresholds of prevalence, ranging from 5 to 20%. The results were reported as number of infected subjects, deaths, costs, and Incremental-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). A 1-year and a 10-year horizons were considered. Results: In the case base scenario, cases of infections would reduce dramatically in the first year of implementation of PC with both strategy B and C: from 172 500 cases to 77 040 following strategy B and 146 700 following strategy C. The additional cost per recovered person was United States Dollar (USD) 2.83 and USD 1.13 in strategy B and C, respectively, compared to no treatment in the first year. For both strategies, there was a downtrend in costs per recovered person with increasing prevalence. The number of adverted deaths was larger for strategy B than C, but cost to advert one death was lower for strategy C than B. Conclusions: This analysis permits to estimate the impact of two PC strategies for the control of strongyloidiasis in terms of costs and adverted infections/deaths. This could represent a basis on which each endemic country can evaluate which strategy can be implemented, based on available funds and national health priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been transmitted worldwide over a very short time after it originated in China in December 2019. In an attempt to control its spread and reduce its health impacts, several countries including those in the African continent imposed restrictive measures that was termed "lockdown". The outcomes of this lockdown have been reported to be beneficial to air quality worldwide. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of lockdown due to COVID-19 on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels over six major cities in Nigeria. Maps extracted from satellite (Sentinel-5P) were used to indicate the significant reduction in the level of NO2 in the selected cities in Nigeria during two timeintervals, pre-lockdown (December, 2019) and during lockdown (April, 2020). The results show a significant reduction in NO2 levels during the lockdown period compared with its levels during the pre-lockdown period in 2019. The reduction in NO2 concentration levels during lockdown is likely due to less traffic, social distancing and restrictions on business and human activities. There could be an element of uncertainty in the results due to seasonality, as the comparison is done with a different season. However, the magnitude of change due to lockdown is probably much higher than the seasonal variability. Although COVID-19 has negatively impacted the health and economic status of all regions worldwide, it has benefited some aspects of air quality in most countries including Nigeria. This indicates that anthropogenic activities may be managed to reduce air pollution and positively impact the health of human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: mortality; inequality; Europe EN mortality inequality Europe 9 23 15 05/03/21 20210301 NES 210301 I. Introduction Long life is considered fortunate in every culture, so inequalities in mortality are fundamental to the way we think about whether a society is equitable. If, in fact, mortality rates are changing over time, then it makes much more sense to study age-specific mortality rates when examining trends. In countries such as the US and the UK, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought inequalities in mortality rates into even sharper focus, as disadvantaged groups have been disproportionately affected. Another indication that the publicly funded health care system is important in explaining economic gradients in health mortality is the finding in Banks et al. (2021) that most of the reduction in mortality rates by age in the UK took place in the first decade of the second millennium when the UK health system was well funded. [Extracted from the article]

The mental health has become an important public health issue in China. This study aimed to use panel data to explore how personal relative deprivation affects mental health among older adults in China. The panel data of this study was obtained from the 2011 and 2014 waves of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Furthermore, we used a panel data model to investigate the effect of personal relative deprivation on mental health among the older adults. Results from the panel data model show that greater feelings of relative economic deprivation were associated with lower level of cognitive function (coefficient = −0.3706, p < 0.01). Relative economic status adversely affected the psychological health (coefficient = −0.3636, p < 0.001). Social participation, physical exercise, and smoking accounted for 3.13%, 1.43%, and 0.19% of the effect of relative economic status on cognitive function, respectively. The most important channel involving the effect of relative economic status on psychological health is social participation (1.62%), followed by physical exercise (0.80%) and smoking (0.14%). Our findings suggest that personal relative deprivation has negative effects on cognitive function and psychological health. Furthermore, the regression results also indicate that the negative health effect of personal relative deprivation shows significant age, gender, and urban-rural disparities. Moreover, there is evidence that social participation is an important transmission channel involving the effect of personal relative deprivation on mental health. Reducing personal relative deprivation can improve the mental health of the older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sewage treatment, water resources and traffic accidents are important considerations. • The correlation between urban road area and living environment is the highest. • Income has the lowest correlation with living environment. • The human settlements index increases with time. The rapid development of modern industrial Civilization has put remote areas of China, especially Qinghai, in an increasingly unfavorable development position, and the problem of unbalanced and insufficient development in the Qinghai region has become increasingly serious, with environmental problems becoming increasingly prominent. Hence, this study is dedicated to assessing the quality of habitat in Qinghai, China. The effects of the evaluation of the Habitat Index will, to a sure extent, grant a reference for the current improvement purpose of harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature. Using the 2010–2020 Provincial data of Qinghai, China, and based on the existing literature and data, we constructed the evaluation index system of Qinghai's habitat environment quality in four dimensions, namely, health and safety, social development, economic status and environmental health, respectively. Combined with the entropy-weight-TOPSIS evaluation model, the Habitat Index of Qinghai residents was measured. The changes of habitat environment in different years were determined. Finally, the distribution of the correlation of each index is analyzed through grayscale correlation and box line diagram. The study concludes that, first, in terms of the time dimension, the overall Habitat Quality Index of Qinghai shows a steady increase from 2010 to 2020. 2020 has the highest Habitat Index, followed by 2019 and 2018. The relative proximity values of Cifor these three years are 0.597, 0.547, and 0.509, respectively. Second, statistically, the per capita urban road area has the most significant impact on Qinghai's Habitat Environment Index. It indicates that we need to improve and plan the traffic environment in Qinghai to create a safe and efficient traffic order. In addition, we need to focus on environmental protection, improve the level of sewage treatment, focus on the protection of water resources, etc. Thirdly, among the dimensional indicators, the gray correlation coefficient of each secondary indicator is >0.7. The correlation between each dimensional indicator and the quality of Qinghai's habitat environment is high. The highest correlation is found for the secondary social development (0.841). It indicates that the focus of improving the quality of habitat environment is to improve a series of problems in social development and adjust the social development model. Constantly optimizing social production and distribution, rationalizing resource utilization and development, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research documents increasing unhappiness (even depression) among Chinese adults despite the rapid economic growth in China. This paper explains this discrepancy by exploring the relationship between relative economic status and mental health (measured by Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score) among the middle‐aged and elderly in China. In measuring relative economic status, we use five reference groups for comparison (i.e., relatives, colleagues, schoolmates, neighbors or villagers, and people in the same city or county). Using data from 2013 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we find that individuals with relatively lower economic status are more likely to be mentally depressed. The relationship differs across reference groups for comparisons, with the larger impacts seen from the comparison against acquaintances, while the impact of comparison to regional average is the smallest despite its frequent use in the literature. The relative economic status–mental health gradient is asymmetric; that is, the negative impact of worse relative economic status is comparatively larger and more significant than the positive impact of better relative economic status. Our results imply that reducing wealth gaps within groups of similar backgrounds can be more effective in improving people's mental health than a general reduction of wealth inequality within the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, most dairy producers raised every heifer born, to ensure a supply of future replacements. However, advancements in transition and reproductive management, coupled with widespread use of sex-sorted semen in dairy heifers and cows, have led to an oversupply of dairy replacement heifers in the United States. With current market values for prepartum heifers at $1,300 and estimated raising costs ranging from $1,700 to $2,400, dairies that continue to produce quantities of heifers in excess of anticipated needs with plans of selling the extras on the open market are likely to experience significant economic loss. Adult cow herd turnover is the key driver behind the number of heifers needed to calve; however, mortality, disease, fertility, and elective culling losses throughout the heifer-raising period determine the total number of heifers that must be retained and raised to meet anticipated needs. A convenience sample of 50 US dairy herds revealed an average heifer inventory of 102% of total milking and dry cows. In this data set, the mean annualized adult herd turnover was 39%. With a mean stillbirth risk of 5.7% in calving heifers, a culling risk of 10.2% by 13 mo of age, a reproductive failure risk of 6.8% in breeding heifers, and an additional culling risk of 6.4% in pregnant heifers, only 74% of calving events with a heifer birth yielded a heifer that entered the lactating herd. Much of this heifer removal was elective, and making the correct culling decisions at the appropriate time yields the best return for the herd. To demonstrate how a herd might approach the elective culling issue, a records-based exercise with 2 large Holstein herds was performed to estimate the cost versus benefit of 3 different elective culling approaches, using a combination of genetic potential and growth performance as the selective criteria. However, the culling of heifers results in economic losses, because the revenue received is less than the cost incurred during raising. Selective culling of heifers soon after weaning yielded the best results in both herds, but despite the predicted improvement in lactation performance of the retained group, the cost associated with removal was greater than the benefit predicted. Culling a group early and then culling a second group just before calving yielded the largest loss. Moving forward, herds should breed more carefully to produce better-quality heifers from more superior dams and sires and consider the use of beef semen in inferior animals. However, to reduce the risk of not producing an adequate supply of replacement heifers, dairies should add an additional buffer to their anticipated needs. Using the assumptions within this project, having 10% extra calving events with a heifer birth would allow the annualized adult herd turnover to rise from 39 to 43% in case economic conditions or health status of the herd should change. If these heifers are not needed, the selection criteria outline could be used to help identify more valuable animals to retain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is a health-financing mechanism based on voluntary membership, risk pooling, with a non-profit objective and relies on social capital as a driving force. It aims to improve equity in healthcare utilization in the community. We did this study to understand if CBHI schemes reach the poor, improve healthcare utilization and protect them from catastrophic health events. Methods. Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sevagram, located in Wardha district of Maharashtra, India, runs a variety of CBHI schemes in surrounding villages. Many households (HHs) have opted for these schemes. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all HHs of 35 villages and collected information about sociodemographics, inpatient healthcare utilization (in previous 5 years), outpatient healthcare utilization (in previous 1 year) and insurance status of the HHs. We derived wealth index based on 33 sociodemographic variables and classified HHs in quintiles of wealth index. We compared the distribution of healthcare utilization variables by insurance status and wealth index and used logistic regression to evaluate if health insurance independently improves healthcare utilization, after adjusting for confounders. Results. Of a total of 7261 HHs surveyed, 2210 (30.4%) were uninsured, 4153 (57.2%) were insured under MGIMS CBHI schemes, and 898 (12.4%) had family insurance either from MGIMS or other providers. Insured HHs had a higher wealth index compared to uninsured. Mean (SD) hospitalization episodes in an HH were 0.82 (1.75) among uninsured, 1.13 (1.56) in CBHI insured and 1.21 (1.55) in those with family insurance. Within each category, healthcare utilization was lower for poor HHs (lowest quintile of wealth index) and higher for affluent HHs (higher quintiles of wealth index). Among those who were hospitalized, catastrophic health events were less in CBHI insured (7.9%) compared to uninsured (12.3%). After adjusting for socioeconomic status and other confounders, our data suggest that participating in a CBHI scheme increased odds of utilization of inpatient services (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.04-- 1.33) and protected from catastrophic health events (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.43--0.64). Conclusion. CBHI schemes improve healthcare utilization and protect against catastrophic health expenditure among those who get hospitalized. However, there also exists a socioeconomic gradient both in membership and in utilization of healthcare services favouring those who are more affluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study submits the pragmatic analysis of the socio-economic context during the medical crisis triggered by the coronavirus pandemic and in the period immediately after it, with the identification of pertinent solutions to reduce financial stress on the public budget and to stimulate economic recovery. The objectives of the study are to identify the main factors having a strong effect on the national economy during the COVID-19 crisis and to transpose them into a financial stress management system, based on econometric modelling. The results of the study highlighted the dynamics of Romania's socio-economic evolution in the period immediately after the pandemic and in the long run., while identifying viable solutions for economic recovery and stabilisation of both health and economic status of the population. The results of the study are useful to the profile institutions in Romania and to economic agents in identifying the approaches and strategies that could be adopted at macro and microeconomic level for economic recovery after the coronavirus pandemic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vaccination against diarrhea, pneumonia and meningitis results in immediate savings. • 88% of savings are attributable to productivity loss due to premature death. • Scaling vaccines against Hib, PCV and RV save US$1 billion and 90,000 deaths/year. Background: To support vaccine decision-making we estimated from the societal perspective the potential health impact and costs averted through immunization with three vaccines – Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and rotavirus vaccine (RVV). Methods: Based on variability in disease burden, strength of health system and economic status, we selected four states in India: Bihar, New Delhi, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. We used secondary data sources to estimate the number of under-5 deaths averted from Hib, pneumococcus and rotavirus in each state and back-calculated the total cases averted. We synthesized available data to estimate the disease burden, treatment cost, caretaker productivity loss and vaccine coverage in each state. A Delphi Survey and roundtable among Indian experts was conducted to reach consensus on model inputs. Results: By scaling up coverage of Hib, PCV and RVV, India could save over US$1 billion (uncertainty range: US$0.9–US$2.4 billion) in economic benefits and avert more than 90,000 needless child deaths each year. An estimated US$1 billion (US$0.9–US$2 billion) or 88% of the total amount of cost savings would be attributable to lost productivity due to premature pneumococcal death. Another US$112.8 million (US$105–297 million), or 10% of the total cost would be accounted by costs related to loss of productivity due to disability as a result of these diseases. Treatment costs of Hib, pneumococcal disease and rotavirus gastroenteritis, would account for US$8.4 million (US$4–12 million) or <1% of the total costs of these diseases. Finally, caretaker productivity loss from seeking care would represent US$1.5 million (US$ 1–4.9 million). Cost savings varied by vaccine, coverage scenarios and states. Conclusions: Hib, PCV and RVV vaccine introduction in India can result in immediate benefits to the government and households in terms of savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered as a key component of human capital, mental health has drawn substantial scholarly attention for its effect on people's health status and economic outcome. When facing the challenge of stress, people's heterogeneity in cognitive ability and non-cognitive ability causes difference in patterns of coping, resulting in different manifestations in mental health. Previous researches have shown that cognitive and non-cognitive abilities have positively direct or indirect effects on mental health, but few studies research their role of coping with air pollution. We used the China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) and matched individual data with county or district level PM2.5 information from NASA. The study found that air pollution has negative effect on mental health with every increase of 1μg/m3 in PM2.5 deteriorating mental health by 0.038 standard deviation, which is the total effect of air pollution. However, the direct effect of air pollution on mental health will decrease to 0.028 in absolute value when considering mediating effects. By employing different approaches, we found positive mediating effects via cognitive ability and non-cognitive ability. Individuals with high cognitive and non-cognitive abilities are able to accurately diagnose problems and select the optimal coping strategies, thus restoring positive mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study tries to find out the access to primary health care services. Primary health care services are very important for the health outcomes of the mother and that of the child and in ensuring that both maternal and child deaths are prevented. These types of services also positively contribute to improve the health status and also economic development. Study of these services is necessary in developing areas where infrastructure to deliver these services is minimal or lacking. This study has been done in two development block of Jorhat district. A cross sectional household survey was conducted for the sample of 242. Accessibility has been studies in three aspects like availability, affordability and acceptability. Study also tries to cover the disparities in accessibility in different socio-economic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aim is to analyze the role of active vs. passive commuting in a model with socio economic influences, father and mother professional level, psychological influences, as perceived health, and demographic variables as gender and age related with physical activity. A representative sample of Aragón (3 %), 1618 adolescents (734 girls) between 1º and 4º years of Education Secondary Obligatory (Mean age = 14.46, SD = 1.28 years) completed questionnaires to assess the studied variables. The mixture structural modeling multigroup with known classes shows that the perceived health of active commuting adolescents are strongly related with physical activity and socioeconomic status. Gender and age are related with physical activity in sedentary and active commuting groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial accounting diagnosis is a process, a complex action that involves the identification of the existing dysfunctions at the entity level, the calculation, the measurement and the determination of their influence on the economic-financial activity, but most importantly the prescribing the therapy, or eliminating potential disturbing factors. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the role of financial-accounting diagnosis in monitoring the health status of economic entities. The research results highlight the major importance of diagnosis as a complex tool for verifying the functionality of an entity used to identify elements that impede the proper course of action by identifying signs of aggravation of the financial health of the entity and prescribing the treatment necessary to carry out within normal limits activity and improvement, providing a specialized insight into the entity's course over a given period. Diagnosis is an important activity that should be done at the level of each entity throughout the entire economic activity, thus leading to the good course of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As compared with other current societal, economic and political issues, environmental issues have long been neglected. In the context of the need for major changes, the circular economy can be a solution for changing the economic paradigm as well as a response to the reduction of air pollution. Health in the context of lucrative human activities is still second, but the solution could easily come through the transition to the circular model by providing clean air. The European Union has set itself the goal of achieving specific levels of air quality improvement, by reducing risks to the environment and human health since the 1970s, integrating more and more environmental protection requirements into European policies. Thus, the present article tackles the sensitive issue of the air quality by revising the latest EU legislation in the matter, also linking it to a brief analysis of the air pollution in Siret-Prut-Nistru Eurozone (the part that belongs to the Republic of Moldova), and its connection with a series of economic and the health status of the population indicators in the period 2008-2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: U.S. health systems, incentivized by financial penalties, are designing programs such as case management to reduce service utilization among high-cost, high-need populations. The major challenge is identifying patients for whom targeted programs are most effective for achieving desired outcomes.Objective: To evaluate a health system's outpatient complex case management (OPCM) for Medicare beneficiaries for patients overall and for high-risk patients using system-tailored taxonomy, and examine whether OPCM lowers service utilization and healthcare costs.Design: Retrospective case-control study using Medicare data collected between 2012 and 2016 for Ochsner Health System.Participants: Super-utilizers defined as Medicare patients with at least two hospital/ED encounters within 180 days of the index date including the index event.Intervention: Outpatient complex case management.Main Measures: Propensity score-adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted for primary outcomes (90-day hospital readmission; 90-day ED re-visit). A difference-in-difference analysis was conducted to examine changes in per membership per month (PMPM) costs based on OPCM exposure.Key Results: Among 18,882 patients, 1197 (6.3%) were identified as "high-risk" and 470 (2.5%) were OPCM participants with median enrollment of 49 days. High-risk OPCM cases compared to high-risk controls had lower odds of 90-day hospital readmissions (0.81 [0.40-1.61], non-significant) and lower odds of 90-day ED re-visits (0.50 [0.32-0.79]). Non-high-risk OPCM cases compared to non-high-risk controls had lower odds of 90-day hospital readmissions (0.20 [0.11-0.36]) and 90-day ED re-visits (0.66 [0.47-0.94]). Among OPCM cases, high-risk patients compared to non-high-risk patients had greater odds of 90-day hospital readmissions (4.44 [1.87-10.54]); however, there was no difference in 90-day ED re-visits (0.99 [0.58-1.68]). Overall, OPCM cases had lower total cost of care compared to controls (PMPM mean [SD]: - $1037.71 [188.18]).Conclusions: Use of risk stratification taxonomy for super-utilizers can identify patients most likely to benefit from case management. Future studies must further examine which OPCM components drive improvements in select outcome for specific populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Socioeconomic‐based disparities in physical health outcomes are well established, with individuals from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds being more likely to experience chronic disease morbidity and early mortality compared to those from higher SES strata. While numerous studies in recent decades have focused on understanding the contextual, psychosocial, and biological mechanisms linking SES and health, the neural pathways that contribute to this relationship are currently underinvestigated. The present paper reviews and synthesizes the small number of published studies that have explored links between SES and health‐relevant neural functioning. Specifically, current knowledge of the relationship between socioeconomic factors and neural systems that may be affected by low SES contexts, including those related to processing threat and stress, responding to reward, and engaging in emotion regulation, is reviewed. Gaps in our knowledge that could be filled by health neuroscience research are emphasized, in an effort to catalyze future studies in this area. Understanding the neural mechanisms linking SES and health is crucial for building comprehensive models of the pathways by which social inequalities become health inequalities and may help identify novel targets for intervention to prevent health disparities. Health neuroscience research has a critical role to play in this important area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the association between economic status and educational level with self-management behavior (medication adherence, controlling body weight, reducing salt intake, performing physical exercise, reducing alcohol consumption, abstaining from smoking, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption) among hypertensive women in Ghana. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 598 women were collected from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey of 2014. The association between economic status and educational level with self-management behavior was measured by logistic regression methods. Results: Mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 131.4 and 86.58 mm Hg, respectively. With regard to self-management behavior, 81.8% of women reported taking medication to control high blood pressure, 44.4% reported controlling body weight, 22.5% reported reducing salt intake, 48.3% reported performing physical exercise, 74.2% reported reducing alcohol consumption, 74.2% reported abstaining from alcohol and smoking, and 20.2% reported consuming more fruits and vegetables. Women living in the wealthiest households had significantly higher odds of maintaining healthy weight, reducing salt intake, and exercising. Conclusion: The findings imply that socioeconomic factors may play important roles in women's adherence to blood pressure-controlling behavior. It is therefore suggested that policy makers focus on improving women's economic status as a strategy to encourage cardiovascular health-promoting behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]